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Denver Neighborhood History Project, 1993-94: Five Points Neighborhood

OCR

[...]1993-94

Five Points Neighborhood

Prepared for:

City and County of Denver
Denver Landmark Preservation Commission and
Office of Planning and Community Development
200 West 14th Avenue
Denver[...]) 640-2736

Prepared by:

R. Laurie Simmons, M.A.
and Thomas H. Simmons, M.A.
Front Range Resear[...]
[...]acaiaerores § 2
Location : 22
Dominant Land Uses and Major Features . . “2
Current Demographic Chara[...]senneieamaivonmecarnts 2
Residential Subdivisions and Industrial Development, 1868-1893 2
The Tr[...]
VI. NEIGHBORHOOD HISTORY FORUM .



VI. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......----+-e+eeeeeeee

Previous[...]esources
Five Points’ Built Environment
Results and Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY



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[...]ory Project to document significant architectural and historical
resources in Denver’s neighborhoods.[...]ity actions. The Landmark Preservation Commission and Office of
Planning and Community Development are charged with implementi[...]nt funds.

The five neighborhoods selected by the City to be examined in the first phase of the
project--Baker, Capitol Hill, Five Points, North Capitol Hill, and Whittier--all have
substantial numbers of historic resources and encompass some of the city’s earliest
residential neighborhoods. The neigh[...]cts, contain
potential Denver Landmark structures and districts, and their residents indicated a
willingness to partic[...]level survey identify the significant structures and areas of focus. The
project scope of work emphasi[...]sources of
information for neighborhood history, and represent the opinions and concerns of
residents, Working with neighborhood[...]ensured the incorporation of
neighborhood history and culture into historical contexts. The results of[...]re
to be included in neighborhood history reports and Denver Landmark applications were
to be co[...]
[...]is bounded on the north by the South Platte River and Thirty-
eighth Street, on the east by Walnut and Downing streets, on the south by Park Avenue
West and East Twentieth Avenue, and on the west by Broadway and Twentieth Street.
‘The area derives its name fr[...]Street,
Washington Street, Twenty-seventh Street, and East Twenty-sixth Avenue in the east-
central por[...]hwest, from approximately
5,270 at Downing Street and Park Avenue West, to 5,170 feet at the South Platte River.

Dominant Land Uses and Major Features

Considerable variations in land u[...]mer Street, land uses tend to be focused in light and heavy industrial, wholesaling,
and railroad facilities. Industrial and office uses are also found west of Broadway and
scattered for a few blocks east. Commercial uses exist at the Five Points intersection
and in the vicinity along Welton Street. Residential areas are mainly found south of
Larimer Street and east of Broadway. Public housing projects encompa[...]struction north of Blake Street between Twentieth and Twenty-third streets. Two
public elementary schools are situated within the neighborhood: Crofton-Ebert and
Gilpin. The Five Points Community Center complex at East Twenty-sixth Avenue and
Emerson Street is a satellite center for municipa[...]: Curtis
Park (three square blocks between Curtis and Arapahoe and Thirtieth and Thirty-second
streets) and Lawson Park (one square block lying north of the intersection of Park
‘Avenue West and Welton Street). The eastern segment of the Metro[...]hborhood to its terminus at
East Thirtieth Avenue and Downing Street.
[...]work, photography, mapping, sources for
research, and the preparation of the survey listings and project report.

Previous Studies

In 1973, a sur[...]eers recorded over 2,200 buildings
throughout the city. Completed survey forms were reviewed by a volunteer committee
of preservation professionals and then published as the Denver Inventory in June 19[...]buildings considered architecturally significant and
buildings constructed before 1893. Subsequent stu[...]od for eligibility as National Register districts and some
associated survey forms have been completed.[...]s to the neighborhood history project: collecting and
reviewing existing information about historic res[...]ng
those in designated Denver Landmark districts, and incorporating information on known
historic resources; researching the history of Denver neighborhoods and preparing
historic contexts for each neighborhood and survey reports incorporating this historical
info[...]ining historic resources within each neighborhood and photographing
historic resources; evaluating resources within each neighborhood and identifying
potential Denver Landmark districts and significant individual buildings, giving priority
to those districts already listed in the National Register and desirous of designation;
scheduling and coordinating neighborhood history forums; and preparing Denver
Landmark applications for select[...], Inc., of Denver, Colorado, conducted the survey and
historical research as consultant to the City and County of Denver Office of Planning
and Community Development. Project participants inclu[...]dings surveyed, conducted research,
prepared maps and graphics, examined and evaluated the neighborhood's resources, and
compiled the database and listings. R. Laurie Simmons co-authored th[...]
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conducted historical research, and examined and evaluated the neighborhood's resources.
Nancy Wid[...]associations within the Five Points
Neighborhood and scheduled and coordinated the neighborhood history forum, as we[...]elson, senior planner with the Office of
Planning and Community Development, coordinated and supervised the on-going project
and attended the history forum to answer general ques[...]hborhood was
collected from a variety of agencies and organizations. The Landmark Preservation
Commission and the Denver Office of Planning and Community Development were
contacted for a current list of designated landmarks, landmark applications, and
materials on specific neighborhoods. A file searc[...]olorado Historical Society, Office of
Archaeology and Historic Preservation and copies of relevant Historic Building Inventory
forms were examined. Copies of National Register nominations and previous survey
reports for the area were acquire[...]iation; Old San Rafael Neighborhood Organization; and
Organization for Midtown Neighborhood Improvement[...]ructure of the
project; develop a list of persons and groups with interest and knowledge of
neighborhood history; and open channels of communication for the neighborho[...]y address (number, street direction, street name, and street type);
schedule number; year of construction; class code (type of property); and owner name
and mailing address. The extracted data was loaded in[...]mputerized database permitted sorting, selecting, and reporting of the data as
needed in other p[...]
[...]-noncontributing status); Denver Landmark status;
and previous survey status (e.g., representation in the Denver Inventory or other efforts
and state identification number). The inventory database was geocoded and linked to
a geographic information system for map analysis and presentation.

Project Field Work

The field surv[...]n identifying potential Denver Landmark districts and
individually eligible Denver Landmarks, as well a[...]The integrity of historic resources was
assessed and potential historic district boundaries were ident[...]dings surveyed were photographed with 35mm, black and white film, resulting in
‘one facade view of ea[...]led in on the printout (for example, roll, frame, and camera direction and other
information on the resources, including vac[...]hysical building
encompassing multiple addresses, and, in some instances, name of building, and
cornerstone information. Photography was completed between March and July 1994.

Jumbo (eleven by fourteen inch) contact sheets and a photographic log were generated
for each roll o[...]ame number, date
of photograph, camera direction, and name of photographer) was added to the inventory[...], cross-referencing street address, neighborhood, and roll and
frame number, was produced and placed in the notebook.

Mapping

A geographic in[...]e file). Boundaries of existing National Register and Denver Landmark
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districts were digitized and incorporated into new layers in the file. The GIS[...]oundaries of potential
Denver Landmark districts, and produced presentation quality maps for the
neighborhood history reports and the Denver Landmark district nominations.

Identi[...]cts

A preliminary determination of the integrity and extent of potential Denver Landmark
districts was[...]e mainly residential areas lying east of Broadway and
southeast of the alley between Larimer and Lawrence streets. Areas already listed in
the Nat[...]eighborhood: Curtis-Champa; San Rafael; Clements; and Glenarm Place. Clements is
also a designated Denv[...]ic context,
the field survey of the neighborhood, and the overview of city neighborhood history,
historic resources within the Five Points Neighborhood were evaluated and individual
buildings and districts eligible for designation as Denver Land[...]A presentation consisting of slides of resources and maps of potential Landmark Districts
for the five[...]94. Commissioners in attendance provided
comments and suggestions regarding potential districts and addressed several questions
raised by Front Range staff concerning delineation of districts. The City’s RFP noted
that the choice of districts for lo[...]to those already listed
in the National Register and desirous of designation.”

Evaluation Criteria[...]dentify potentially eligible
individual landmarks and landmark districts, These criteria are presented[...]ligibility concentrated on the physical integrity and architectural significance
of individual building[...]go
restoration which will enhance their integrity and make them eligible for future
designation.
[...]portance to the historical development of Denver, and

shall:

a Have direct association with the historical development of the city, state, or

nation; or
b. Be the site of a significant historic event; or
o Have direct and substantial association with a person or group of[...]e structure or district shall have
design quality and integrity, and shall:
a. Embody distinguishing characteristics[...]rominent location or be an established, familiar, and orienting visual
feature of the contemporary city; or,

b. Promote understanding and appreciation of the urban environment by means of[...]ion to Denver’s distinctive character.

SOURCE: City and County of Denver, Planning and Community Development
Office, Revised Denv[...]
[...]d information regarding some individual buildings and the
growth of the Five Points Neighborhood as a w[...]artment maintains building permit records for the City of Denver
covering the period up to approximately[...]uilding name, owner name, architects, or streets. City directories were
utilized to trace residents of specific prop[...]ating to Denver, including Sanborn Insurance maps and various real estate maps
which document the development of the area and the uses of individual buildings. DPL
also maintains a large photographic collection on buildings, events, and people.

The Colorado Historical Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation
maintains information files[...]ese files
contain the results of previous surveys and National Register nominations and Colorado
inventory forms. In addition the Stephen[...]ecords of historic
businesses, photographs, maps, directories, and indexes. Construction dates were
determined from the Denver Assessor information, previous survey forms and reports,
historic maps of the city, city directories, and published histories.

The Black American West Museum and Heritage Center features a photographic
exhibition focusing on the Five Points business and commercial area that was displayed
early in 1994[...]in preparation of a
context for the project area and information about specific buildings, businesses,[...]Smiley, History of Denver (1901); Lyle W.
Dorsett and Michael McCarthy, The Queen City: A History of Denver (1986); Thomas
J. Noel and Barbara S. Norgren, Denver: The City Beautiful and Its Architects, 1893-
1941 (1987); Richard R. Brettell, Historic Denver: The Architects and the Architecture,
1858-1893 (1973); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to
Metropolis[...]ea included: Billie Arlene Grant,
Emestine Smith, and Gladys Smith, Growing Up Black in Denver (1988); James A.
Atkins, Age of Jim Crow (1964) and Human Relations in Colorado (1968); and Thomas
J. Noel, Denver’s Larimer Street: Main Street, Skid Row and Urban Renaissance (1981).
[...]ign, survey results (including potential district and
individual Denver Landmark recommendations), a summary of the results of the
neighborhood forum, and a bibliography. ‘The appendix was to include a[...]e database was provided to the Office of Planning and Community
Development on computer diskette.

Denv[...]based a prioritization of all potential districts and
by the level of neighborhood interest and support for designation. Prioritized lists of
potential districts by neighborhood were prepared and reviewed by City staff and the
Landmark Preservation Commission, which deter[...]ts

The surveyors would like to thank individuals and institutions assisting in the completion
of the p[...]viduals provided assistance in arranging meetings and otherwise facilitating the
project: Mark Hatlee and Lynn Brown (Curtis Park Block Council); Lisa Pete[...]ffice worker at Crofton-Ebert
Elementary School); and Paul Brothe (Old San Rafael Neighborhood Organiza[...]cific information regarding
individual properties and the development of the neighborhood.

"This work element was later changed to two districts and three individual resources.
The individual[...]
[...]was the
identification of significant properties and potential historic districts and their evaluation
for eligibility as designated De[...]earch design is to define the scope of the survey and to define a set of expectations
prior to the star[...]3). Colorado RP3 provides
a framework to identify and record historic resources of the state and direction to
analyze the significance and preservation of resources. Historic resources for[...]even F. Mehls, "Colorado Plains Historic
Context" and a report by David R. Hill, "Colorado Urbanization and Planning Context."
Those reports identify a serie[...]ct area include: "Rail/Streetcar Era, 1870-
1920" and "Early Auto Period, 1920-1945."

Research Questions

Research questions concern the nature and integrity of existing historic resources
associat[...]ea, the ways in which the area reflects the plans and visions of developers, and
the effect of economic and social conditions and local, state, and national movements.
The varieties of architectural styles and construction materials, the quality of
craftsmanship, and diversity of building functions within the area a[...]ce of the buildings to themes in
Denver's history and the number of buildings representing each[...]
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reconnaissance of the survey area, and the surveyors’ personal knowledge, it was
expec[...]uld be residential in character, with some
public and commercial buildings scattered throughout[...]
V. HISTORIC CONTEXT
Residential Subdivisions and Industrial Development, 1868-1893

Subdivisions and Developers

Five Points was one of the earliest n[...]e time of the
platting of these subdivisions, the city was expected to grow toward the north and east,
and foresighted citizens sought to prepare for this e[...]ved in 1870. Among the early additions were: Case and Ebert’s
Addition (1868); Curtis and Clarke’s Addition (1868); Shaffenberg’s Addition (1869); and
Witter’s Addition (1869) (See Figure 2).

Case and Ebert’s Addition

The first addition within the[...]by men prominent
in the early development of the city and the state. In 1868, Francis M. Case and
Frederick J. Ebert filed the plat of Case and Ebert’s Addition, which occupied an
immense area south of the South Platte River and northeast of what was then the center
of developm[...]tration, served as mayor of Denver for two terms, and was president
of the city council? Case served as chief engineer of the Denver Pacific Railroad in
1867 and later served as acting city attorney. In 1870, Case built a brick residence on
Lawrence between Thirty-first and Thirty-second which cost $8,000, one of the earli[...]rederick J. Ebert was also an illustrious pioneer and served as a member of the
Colorado constitutional[...]e route for a railroad line from Denver to Golden and Central City and was associated
with the Denver and South Park Railroad. He was an investor in an early banking firm,
Collins, Snider and Company, and also convinced a rolling mill to relocate[...]
Figure 2
Five Points Subdivisions
SOURCE: Extract of Denver and Rio Grande Western

Rit
Railroad Co., "Denver 1:600." map (Denver, Colorado:
Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Co., 1945 and 1948.




[...]ource of rails used in the building of the Denver and South Park.
Ebert was one of the early residents[...]oted that "some good dwellings’ stood on Curtis and a few had been
erected on Champa.‘ To make thei[...]tractive to potential
homeowners, developers Case and Ebert created a 2.44 acre park on a block of land[...]usy "to think seriously
of play activities." Case and Ebert’s park was donated to the city when the plat was filed
in 1868, becoming the fir[...]nally consisted of the
block between Thirty-first and Thirty-second Streets from Arapahoe to Curtis. Th[...]tis, a member of the Denver Town Company.

Curtis and Clarke’s Addition

In the same year that Case and Ebert’s pioneering addition was created, businessmen
Rodney Curtis and Clarence Clarke filed a residential subdivision plat. Rodney Curtis
was born in New York in 1839 and later moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where he
became a grain trader. In 1860, he and his brother, C.M. Curtis, came to Colorado and
purchased a ranch near Denver. Curtis farmed and also became involved in a grocery
and drug business. In 1864, he was appointed pay clerk of the U.S. Mint in Denver,
later becoming chief clerk and refiner. In 1883, Curtis resigned to devote his attention
to real estate and other investments. In 1885, Curtis became one of[...]owned a home at the corner of East Colfax Avenue and Pennsylvania, when
Colfax was a fine residential[...]oot to reach Denver, where he worked for the book
and stationery company of Woolworth and Moffat, becoming a partner in the firm.
Clarke, w[...]ver (Denver: Times-Sun Publishing Co., 1901), 430
and 444.

SWilliam Ferril, Sketches of Colorado, (Denver: Western Press Bureau, 1911), 189;
Central City Opera House Association, The Glory That Was Gold (Central City: Central
City Opera House Association, 16 July 1932, new[...]
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purchase and improvement of real estate. Together, Curtis and Clark erected a business
block on Larimer Street,[...]t substantial business blocks at that time in the
city," a building which served as a temporary state ca[...]st streetcar line, was platted
in 1869 by Marc A. and Kate D. Schaffenberg. The small subdivision was centered on
Twenty-sixth and Champa streets. Marc Shaffenberg was listed as op[...]s year. Shaffenberg was
appointed a U.S. Marshall and, in February 1877, he was found guilty of manufac[...]ibed as his "mansion" at the corner of Eighteenth and Curtis streets to J.W. Iliff
for $15,000 and left town to serve a term in Fort Leavenworth.”[...]ng, being one of the partners
in Collins, Snider, and Company when it was organized in 1873, a firm whi[...]ial” private bank was located on Larimer
Street and was later sold to organizers of the Exchange Bank[...]s Addition (1870), Ford’s addition
(1871), Hoyt and Robinson’s Addition (1871), Platte Addition (18[...]tion (1874), St.
Vincent's Addition (1874), Story and Appleton’s Addition (1874), Tappan’s Addition[...]Addition (1876), the San Rafael Addition
(1877), and Collins Addition (1878). Many of these subdivisio[...]in both today’s

SW.H. Vickers, History of the City of Denver, Arapahoe County and Colorado
(Chicago: O.L. Baskin and Co., 1880), 372.

7Rocky Mountain News, 16 February 1879; and Denver Public Library Western
History Depa[...]
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Five Points and North Capitol Hill neighborhoods. Clements had preempted a quarter
section of land in June 1864 and built a small brick house on the site now occupie[...]iles, in 1871. Stiles was born in Vermont in 1825 and
practiced law in Chicago. In 1861, he settled in[...]rnia Street, served as mayor
of Denver (1869-1871 and 1877-1878) and was on the city council in 1864, representing
the First Ward. He also operated B.B. Stiles and Company, a flour and feed business.
Stiles was an attorney, who served as city clerk and assessor, territorial representative,
and clerk of the territorial supreme court. It was re[...]. Berkey in 1882. Berkey was
a real estate broker and first president of the Denver Real Estate Exchange. His firm,
John M. Berkey and Company, was the oldest real estate business in t[...]The
Real Estate Exchange was incorporated in 1879 and played a prominent role in
advertising the advantages of Denver to potential residents, businesses, and industries.
The group assisted in acquiring land donated by the city for the Grant Smelter, the
Overland Cotton mills, and Fort Logan.” In 1886, a third San Rafael filing[...]Plat of Clement’s Addition, 1870; Smiley, 430 and 506.
‘Denver Republican, 30 September 1889; and Field and Farm 8(October 5, 1889):

“Rocky Mountain News, 16 January 1882; and Denver Times, 1 December 1901.
"Denver Tim[...]
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Other prominent businessmen and developers active in the neighborhood in the 1880[...]dent of the Boulder Coal Mines, proprietor of the City Transfer Company, and
an owner of the Denver Republican. David A. Chever (Hunter and Platte Additions)
arrived in Denver in 1859, brin[...]ver immediately became an important figure in the city
and was elected a member of the territorial legislature, postmaster of Denver, and
county commissioner of Arapahoe County.'>

Lewis N, Tappan (Tappan’s Addition) arrived in Denver in 1859 and became a leading
pioneer merchant, establishing stores in Denver, Golden, and Central City which
specialized in hardware and miners’ supplies. Tappan also operated the larg[...]in the
area of Curtis Park. Tappan served on the city council, invested in mining ventures in
several areas of the state, and had large real estate holdings in Denver. It was[...]"few of the early pioneers did as much for Denver and Colorado or asked
as little in return."

John Ger[...]me to Denver by stage coach from Cheyenne in 1869 and raised
lettuce on a farm. In 1873, the firm of Gerspach and Schmitt operated a firebrick
works. Mrs. Elizabet[...]one of the leading
mining attorneys in the state and a prominent figure in Colorado history. Horner owned
several farms in various parts of Colorado and had large investments in Denver real
estate."®[...]hospital. Located east of the South Platte River and west of
the Kansas Pacific Railroad grounds, near the Omaha and Grant Smelter, St. Vincent’s
Addition set aside[...]ography of Colorado, (Chicago: Century
Publishing and Engraving Co., 1901), 464.

“phe Trail,[...]
[...]Machebeuf made a start on his hospital
building, andand Delgany streets. Known as St. Ann’s, the church[...]ry Robinson, took over leadership of St. Anne’s and determined that many of its
parishioners were mov[...]afe for children
who had to cross railroad tracks and industrial areas. Robinson sold the church and
school and built a new church in growing northeast Denver in[...]opment Factors

The arrival of the Denver Pacific and Kansas Pacific railroads in Denver in 1870,
brought new residents to the city, which physically expanded in response to the inf[...]e commercial
heart of the settlement at Fifteenth and Larimer streets. As the South Platte River was
a[...]al approach when additional blocks for residences and
businesses were needed.”

‘The siting of the railroad tracks and heavy industry in the northeastern portion of the[...]elopment of that area. The convenient rail access and
plentiful water supply attracted industries which required those resources. The railroad
yards, smelters, and other industries in turn brought families who wor[...]y, 770-771.

Thomas J. Noel, Colorado Catholicism and the Archdiocese of Denver, 1857-1989
(Boul[...]
[...]of newly arrived immigrants
who welcomed the jobs and did not have enough income to move to more elite
residential areas of the city.

Streetcar System

Among the major factors promo[...]Five Points
Neighborhood during the 1870s was the city’s first streetcar system. In 1871, a line built
by the Denver Horse Railroad Company operated from Seventh and Larimer streets in
West Denver, up Larimer to Six[...]ut in open
prairie, Denverites built homes in the city’s first streetcar suburb, Curtis Park.” In
18[...]bstantial portion
of the Five Points Neighborhood and enhanced real estate values along the routes."

D[...]mpa.” Oliver S.
Westover, dealer in curiosities and mineral specimens, lived in an early frame house[...]our lots at the
northwest corner of Twenty-second and Tremont where he erected a home. About 1873,
Robe[...]dwelling at 2152 Glenarm. George Schroter,
flour and grain merchant, built a home in the Clement’s Addition in the same year and
suggested that the area was ready for a school. J[...]to Denver to establish a large wholesale
grocery and grain enterprise, J.D. Best and Company. Best erected a home at 2062

Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver, Mining Camp to Metropolis[...]ersity Press of Colorado, 1990), 54.

smiley, 854 and Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp
to Met[...]
[...]9 Clarkson. Morrison was
manager of A.M. Morrison andand other improvement in
Case & Ebert’s Addition, b[...]terminus of the horse car
line, this part of the city promises to be one of the handsomest residence
se[...]Street, Twenty-seventh Street, Washington Street, and East Twenty-sixth Avenue.
The term was popularize[...]es after the name
of a notorious slum in New York City. "Welton Center" was advanced as an alternative,[...]an using the new
name, including Five Points Fuel and Feed, Five Points Hall, and Five Points Block.””

While much of Denver experienced a flurry of surveying and platting during the 1880s
when the city was in the midst of an economic boom, large portions of Five Points had
already been subdivided andCity Edition, 27 March-3 April
1985, 12 and Charles O. Brantigan, ed., 1893 Denver City Directory (Denver, Colorado:
Canzona Publi[...]
20

(1884), and the San Rafael Third Filing (1886). Subdivisions[...]elphia in 1846, Todd entered the practice of law,
and became a citizen of Denver in 1873. Todd was asso[...]one of the organizers of the Denver Safe Deposit
and Savings Bank, and in 1879, he was elected to the state legislature.[...]duced
the bill which created the State Historical and Natural History Society, of which he
became treasurer, and was associated with Capitol Hill developer Donald[...]he Mining Stock Exchange in 1875, an incorporator and treasurer of the
Denver, South Park and Pacific Railway Company, a director of several construction
companies, and founder of the Kountze Brothers Bank, a private b[...]y successful Denver businessmen. Brothers
William and Moritz Barth created the subdivision, which was filed with the city in 1884.
The Barths were born in Germany and came to the United States in the 1850s, setting
up a large boot and shoe business in Missouri. In 1861, the brothers[...]olorado, stopping at California Gulch (Leadville) and then returning to Missouri to
manufacture nail bo[...]ins with two
wagons, William settling in Fairplay and Moritz in Montgomery. In 1863, William
moved to D[...]could reach from wall to wall, he roofed it over, and carried on business
there until fall..." From tha[...]le careers.

William became vice president of the City National Bank, a director of the San Juan
Bank in Del Norte, and director of the Denver and South Park Railroad Company.
Moritz Barth was ass[...]do Prospector, January 1979, 11.

Lyle W. Dorsett and Michael McCarthy, The Queen City: A History of Denver
(Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Co., 1986),65; and Smiley, 574-924, passim.

Frank Hall, Hist[...]
A

building, and left an estate worth an estimated $5 million when[...]desired to rid
himself, he went to William Barth. And Barth, bargaining, driving the price down to the[...]of several of Denver’s most
prominent business and social leaders and many of them had invested in either land in
or en[...]o downtown Denver, its convenient transportation, and its pleasant setting,
it was one of the earliest[...]ish. Within the neighborhood, both
the well-to-do and those of middle class and lesser means were able to purchase lots and
erect comfortable homes away from the inner city.

The area attracted many German immigrants and also welcomed several Jewish families
at an early[...]dents erected Temple
Emanuel nearby at Nineteenth and Curtis in 1875, which was followed by a new home[...]in 1884. Anfenger was a founder of Temple Emanuel and
National Jewish Hospital and was elected to the Colorado House of Representati[...]er, a toll road building associate of Otto Mears, and owner of a store
near Saguache. He purchased his Denver house so that his children could be educated
in the city, but spent much of his time in the southern part[...]ritz Thies
lived at 2545 Champa from 1881 to 1920 and operated one of the largest liquor and
tobacco importing businesses in the West. Patrick[...]d at 2627 Champa. Ford
was involved in irrigation and water works enterprises, road building, ra[...]
a

contracting, and civic life in the city. Wolfe Londoner, mayor of Denver from 1889-1891,[...]wealthier neighbors.” Morris Kinzie, a builder and contractor, lived at 2634 Curtis
about 1880. Patr[...]s. William M. Hastings, chief clerk of the Denver and Rio Grande, lived
at 2445 California about 1880 ([...]years old when her family moved to Twenty-fourth and Larimer streets in the
west-central portion of Five Points in 1880. The family lived there many years and Ms.
Pinkerton’s recollections of her neighbors[...]erated a large wholesale grocery at Twenty-second and Market streets;
Mr. Ross, a minister; and a Mr. Burkhart, who operated a large meat market.[...]elite residential neighborhood
around Curtis Park and the new, emerging elite neighborhood of Capitol H[...]tions attracted citizens with a variety of social and economic
backgrounds comparable to those in the C[...]rame dwellings, while the subdivisions of Kountze and the
Barths were occupied by smaller brick houses.[...]Western Manufacturing Company, state legislator, and bank director, who
built a large Italianat[...]
Figure 5
2445 California Street
‘The Home of Denver and Rio Grande Clerk William M. Hastings

SOUR[...]
[...]lived at 2026 Emerson, was a successful attorney and U.S. senator. Dr.
Jeremiah T. Eskridge, dean of t[...]l as the most prestigious residential
area of the city. Responding to the attractions of the new neighbo[...]the century, almost the entire power elite of the city had moved to Capitol
Hill, and Curtis Park had lost many of its most prominent r[...]remained until the end
of their lives were Joslin and Thies, who both died in the 1920s. The neighborho[...]ily dwellings were often
more economical to erect and more affordable for buyers than individual buildi[...]family dwellings of the neighborhood in its scale and
borrowed details from popular architectural style[...]nue, the 1890 Van Stone Terrace at 2355-61
Ogden, and the 1897 Lilyard Terrace in the 2000 block of Eme[...]ted in Five Points, as in much of the rest
of the city, tended to be smalller in scale, and less ostentatious in design. Homeowners
became more concerned with comfort and practicality than with excessive display. As
olde[...]y eastern European immigrants, African Americans, and Hispanics.

‘The African American Community

De[...]takers recorded only fifteen African American men and eight
women within the city. Following the 1864 flood, anyone who coul[...]
[...]black population was quite dispersed
in the 1870s and 1880s.



The Five Points area played an import[...]is Douglass established a night school for blacks and began a campaign to
integrate the public schools. Douglass, along with Edward Sanderlin and William J.
Hardin, convinced the school board to[...]1866, the African Baptist Church at Twenty-first and Arapahoe held
classes for school children. The African Methodist Episcopal Church at Nineteenth and
Stout was used as a school until 1873, when Denve[...]ve Points Neighborhood than in other
parts of the city. The black population of the city nearly tripled between 1880 and 1890.
‘There were 3,045 African Americans in De[...]f Denver's blacks lived in the Eighth Ward of the city,
an area in its northeastern corner, mainly lying north of Twenty-first Street between
California and Blake streets. An examination of the 1893 City Directory shows that most
householders identified[...]town area had the second largest number of blacks and the remainder
were scattered throughout other parts of the city.

The City Directory data also provides insights into the oc[...]y laborers (351 listings). Waiters (112 listings) and janitors (111
listings) rounded out the top four[...]egories, which in aggregate accounted

“Dorsett and McCarthy, 52-53 and Lionel D. Lyles, "An Historical-Urban
Geographica[...]performed on the computerized version of the 1893 City Directory
created by Dr. Charles Brantigan. The g[...]s no longer in existence, were assigned manually. City directories continued
to identify residents as "col’[...]
[...]of 1893 African American employment.

Commercial and Industrial Development

Early commercial developm[...]number of taverns on the southwest end of Larimer and a few between
‘Twenty-ninth and Thirty-first streets by 1880. By 1900, saloons were strung along the
entire length of Larimer and Market streets in the neighborhood. Columbus Hall[...]Street, for example, dates to approximately 1880 and may be Denver’s
oldest bar still operating in i[...]recounts that "on weekend nights hundreds of
men and boys jammed what Denverites called the line’..[[...]ed signs bearing such invitations as Men Taken In and Done For.” From
doorways, windows, and couches in brightly lighted parlors, women purred their
invitations.” The house that Mattie Silks and, later, Jennie Rogers, operated at 2009
Market wa[...]tted the western edge of Five Points in the
1880s and 1890s. Perhaps the most impressive of these enterprises was the Burlington
Hotel at Twenty-second and Larimer streets. ‘The three-story brick and stone hostelry
was built in 1891 and was heavily patronized by railroad workers.”

Railroads and Manufacturing

The diversity of the Five Points N[...]ustrated in its development of
important railroad and manufacturing facilities along its western edge d[...]e Five Points neighborhood between Larimer Street and the
South Platte River has long been a focus of railroad and manufacturing facilities. The

“'Thomas J. Noel, The City and the Saloon: Denver, 1858-1916 (Lincoln, Nebraska:
University of Nebraska Press, 1982), 69 and 76 and Thomas J. Noel, Denver’s Larimer
Street (Denver: Historic Denver, 1981), 176-77.

“Noel, The City and the Saloon, 87 and Dallas, Cherry Creek Gothic, 236-242.

“City and County of Denver, Landmark Preservation Co[...]
[...]h
Street, developed as a warehouse, distribution, and industrial district.

Railroad operations encompa[...]s on the east bank of the South Platte
River. The city’s first train station was near the intersection of Twenty-first and Wazee
streets; depot activity at this location lasted until Union Depot opened in 1879. The
Denver Pacific and Kansas Pacific railroads both built roundhouses near Twenty-sixth
Street and Broadway. The area from Thirty-eighth Street sout[...]tained roundhouses, repair shops, control towers, and railyards, where multiple
stretches of parallel tracks were utilized for switching and storage operations”

One social impact caused b[...]to lay track, most
whites would not rent to them and they lacked funds to purchase homes. According to[...]khill, author of a biography of black businessman and political leader Barney
Ford, the railroads creat[...]n raw materials needed in
manufacturing processes and facilitated the shipment of finished products. Th[...]ynkoop in West Denver. By 1876, the Kuner
Vinegar and Pickle Works had moved to Tenth and Lawrence. By 1885, the Kuner
Pickle Company, with J.C. Kuner president, was located at Twenty-second and Blake in
Five Points. In 1847, four Kuner brother[...]e Civil War.
John Kuner sold the business in 1872 and moved to Denver. In 1878, Max was vice
president and manager of the Globe Pickle Company of Chicago. H[...]8. Max Kuner bought the business

*Kenton Forrest and Charles Albi, Denver’s Railroads (Golden, Colorado: Colorado
Railroad Museum, 1986), 1 and 191.

5'Forbes Parkhill, Mister Barney For[...]
27

in 1893 and served as its president until his death in 1913.
Crescent Flour Mills

The Crescent Mill and Elevator Company (also known as Crescent Flour Mi[...]the railroad yards (near West Twenty-ninth Avenue and Jason
Street) from the early 1880s. Writing in 19[...]s one of the two most conspicuous mills in Denver and noted "that these with their
attendant elevators[...]much Colorado wheat, as well as grain from Kansas
and Nebraska.

Colorado Iron Works

Colorado historia[...]lishment in the manufacturing of mining, milling, and smelting machinery." The
company was formed in 18[...]Langford, Frederick J. Ebert, Samuel S. Davidson,
and Williams R. Havens, with a factory on Larimer Str[...]constructed on Thirty-third Street between Wazee
and Wynkoop by 1877 (See Figure 6). Employment increased from 100 to 275 and the
plant was the largest single works between St. Louis and San Francisco. The iron works
manufactured mining machinery, smelting furnaces, and architectural iron. John W.
Nesmith, who became p[...]ay Company was organized by J.O. Bosworth in 1876 and was a large
manufacturer of scientific instruments, chemicals, metallurgical and assay supplies, and
clay goods used in the laboratories of schools, colleges, and industrial plants. The
enterprise erected a large factory complex at Thirty-first and Blake streets (See Figure
7). Much of the early p[...]on the business after his death in
1890+

S*enver City Directories, 1873-1920; Denver Times, 27 October 1901; Denver[...]ecember 1910; Denver Times, 16
June 1902.

Denver City Directories, 1881-1920 and Smiley, 884.

“Denver City Directories, 1877-1920 and LeRoy Hafen, Colorado and Its People
(New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1948), 2:583-84.

SSBosworth, Chanute and Co., "Denver Fire Clay Stock Prospectus," (N.p.: Bosworth,
Chanute and Co., 1918) and Denver Inventory Form: Denver Fire Clay Bu[...]
Figure 7
Denver Fire Clay
Blake and Thirty-first Streets

SOURCE: Smiley, 884.
28
Schools and Other Public Buildings

As an early, populous res[...]80. Stout School, constructed at
‘Twenty-eighth and Stout streets in 1874, was condemned in March 1881 and destroyed
by fire in November of that year. Havin[...]year.” Park Street School, located
at Thirtieth and Welton streets near Downing, was built in 1878 by[...]The building was also called Welton Street School and Thirtieth Street
School. The school was in place[...]building in Denver, was erected at Twenty-
fourth and Market streets between the Burlington Railroad tr[...]ty-fourth Street School
served the many immigrant and minority families which lived near the river, oft[...]n 1880.
Ebert School was located at Twenty-second and Logan Streets and cost $65,042° (See
Figure 9). The two-story, red[...]light stone trim, a
projecting entrance pavilion, and a cornice of elaborate brickwork. The school was[...]e Points Neighborhood.

Denver Office of Planning and Community Development.

S*Kenton Forrest, Gene C. McKeever, and Raymond J. McAllister, History of the
Public Schools of Denver (Denver: Tramway Press, 1989), 52, 57, and 61 and Francine
Haber, Kenneth R. Fuller, and David N. Wetzel Robert S. Roeschlaub: Architect o[...]enver: Colorado Historical Society, 1988), 6, 17, and 57.

S"Haber, 81.

S*The building received an addition in 1900 and was sold in 1913. Haber, 85-86.

Smiley, 745.
[...]9
The Original Ebert School
East Twentieth Avenue and Logan Street

SOURCE: Brettell, 98.
[...]e first Gilpin School was erected at Twenty-ninth and Stout streets in 1881. Additions
were made to the school in 1892-93, 1897, and 1921. The school, also designed by
Robert Roeschl[...]er, such schools as Twenty-ninth Street, Delgany,
and Ironton, served populous adjacent residential areas. Twenty-Ninth Street School was
built at Twenty-ninth and Blake streets in 1879. Originally called Blake Sc[...]me was changed in 1882. The school closed in 1913 and was sold and demolished in
1916. Delgany School, a District No. 1 school located at Twenty-first and Delgany
streets, was built in 1885. Located in th[...]Points, Ironton School
was built at Thirty-sixth and Delgany streets in 1890.

Fire Station No. 3 and the State Armory

Public facilities added to the[...]n No. 3 at 2563 Glenarm Place, constructed by the city in 1888 (See Figure 10).
Originally manned by an[...]captain was created. Three members of the station and Captain
William Hartwell lost their lives in the[...]te militia,
located at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Curtis streets, The 1887 building, designed by
ea[...]residents. Serving as "a kind of settlement house and social club, they enabled migrants

Forrest, et a[...]ed an addition in 1892 before its closure in 1914 and demolition
in 1917. Forrest, eta |, 32.

The buil[...]1937 (with students transferred to Garden Place)
and sold 21 February 1940. Forrest, et al, 42.
[...]lso
mitigated social pressures on minority groups and encouraged ethnic identity and cultural
interaction. The churches in Five Points historically sponsored clubs and social
organizations which supported community projects and spread neighborhood services.

Sacred Heart Churc[...]by Bishop Joseph P. Machebeuf to serve the Irish and Italian
immigrants who had settled in the northeast section of the city, close to their railroad
jobs and vegetable gardens. Machebeuf chose the site for t[...]ive lots at the
southwest corner of Twenty-eighth and Larimer in the rapidly growing neighborhood and
invited the Jesuits to establish a church there.[...]n to erect a $30,000 building at
‘Twenty-eighth and Larimer. Completed in 1880, Sacred Heart Church i[...]ct, Emmet Anthony. Anthony came
to Denver in 1871 and was a partner of Robert Roeschlaub for a few mont[...]rch with a steeple at the Larimer Street entrance and an
interior which featured carpenter Gothic style interior woodwork and large Gothic
windows. According to Tom Noel, Sacr[...]e one of the most
prominent churches in the Queen City." Irish and Italian parishioners who then lived
in the neighb[...]red Heart, reportedly designed the
$52,000 school and an associated convent. The school was dedicated by Bishop Matz
in 1890 and was described as “elegant and attractive." Sacred Heart became one of the
largest schools in the city and was known for the quality of its education. By 19[...]opulation was so large that a new church (Loyola) and school were
built at East Twenty-third Avenue and York Street in the Whittier Neighborhood,
drawing[...]E. Bodnar, Lives of Their Own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh,
1900-1960 (Urbana, I: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 74.

“Thomas J. Noel and Barbara S.Norgren, Denver: The City Beautiful and its
Architects (Denver: Historic Denver, 1987), 186; and Denver Republican, 1 January
1890.

Noel, Denver’s Larimer Street, 183-185; and Noel, Colorado Catholicism, 340-343.
[...]gious facilities of that group. The Hebrew Burial and Prayer Society, organized in
1860, was reorganize[...]ple Temple
Emanuel chapel was built at Nineteenth and Curtis, with Samuel Weil as its first
rabbi.” I[...]on in northeast Denver, decided to erect a larger and "more imposing"
building for its services. The group then purchased lots at the corner of Twenty-fourth
and Curtis streets for a new temple. The building was designed by Willoughby J.
Edbrooke and built in 1882 by Alexander Brothers at a cost of[...]ater
erected the 1899 Temple Emanuel at Sixteenth and Pearl, but the earlier Curtis Park
building still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Pl[...]n's first building, a log structure at Nineteenth
and Market, was donated by a Civil War veteran. In 1878, the log building was sold and
the congregation built a brick building costing $2,000 at Eighteenth and Stout. The
church was named after Bishop James A.[...]ation obtained the site at
‘Twenty-third Street and Washington. One of the existing houses on the land became the
parsonage and a $24,000 Gothic style church was completed in 18[...]2, built a small
frame structure at Twenty-fourth and California, from which it derived the name
"Calif[...]n a "little
shanty" at the corner of Twenty-third and Curtis.” By 1885, the population of the
church began to decline as growth of the city continued outward from downtown. The

“G[...]
[...]l building in a more flourishing
residential area and selected a site at Twenty-second and Ogden, selling the old building,
and selecting the name "Christ Church" for the new st[...]ch
featured red sandstone trim at doors, windows, and cornice, a corner tower with a 190-
foot wooden spire, and rose windows. The first services were held in the[...]elite area. Warren Methodist Church at Fourteenth and Gilpin
drew many of these worshippers. By the ear[...]rch had changed to include more Jewish, Catholic, and African
American residents. In 1927, the Christ C[...]on moved to a new building
at East Seventh Avenue and Colorado Boulevard and the Scott Methodist Church,
Denver's only Methodi[...]ving blacks, bought the building at
Twenty-second and Ogden.” The Scott Methodist congregation traced[...]tist Church was organized by Reverend B.H. Yerkes and a building was
erected on Twenty-Seventh between Stout and Champa in 1881." By 1889, the
congregation had outgrown its original chapel and felt that "a foreign and largely Hebrew
population began to surround us."[...]urchased four
lots at the corner of Twenty-fourth and Ogden and sold their old church to the Swedish

7Templin, 207.

™bid,, 123.

™Templin, 495; and Katherine Carlyon Hoffman, The Christ Church Stor[...]rch, "Thirty-seventh Anniversary Mortgage Burning and Victory
Reception,” Denver: Scott Methodist Chu[...]ch was
removed, having been damaged by high winds and in 1983, the stained glass windows of
the[...]
[...]ew building on a site
owned by Charles B. Kountze and later moved into the basement of their new buildi[...]ch, designed by the
architectural firm of Jackson and Rivinius and built by C.J. Smith in 1890-1893, was
Richardsoni[...]At the time of the building’s completion, the city was faced with an unparalleled
economic crisis and church members were forced to make great sacrific[...]section of Denver in which it was located was new and rapidly
increasing in population, drawing what we[...]ng been
founded by ex-slaves in 1865 at Twentieth and Arapahoe. The congregation met first
in a frame b[...]largest
African American congregation in Denver, and performing many charitable acts for the
local com[...]a
new church in the neighborhood of Twenty-third and Washington Streets and built a red
brick church with corner tower, compl[...]urch, a black Presbyterian
congregation.*

Denver City Directories, 1873-1920.

Turner, 38.

Calvary Baptist[...]
34

In 1888, the congregation acquired lots at 2267 Ogden and bought the old Central
Presbyterian Church building at Eighteenth and Champa "for a nominal consideration.”
The old church was dismantled and moved to the new lots on Ogden. On 29 April 1906,[...]tured a three-story tower on its northeast corner and large stained glass
windows. In 1915, a fire dest[...]r. In 1889, Clayton Church was formally organized and
became a middle class, Anglo, Presbyterian church[...]its Anglo
population shrinking after World War I, and a study recommended that the
congregation combine[...], however, voted to dissolve rather than combine,
and its building was then given to the People’s Chu[...]h century, reflecting the diverse ethnic, racial, and class
characteristics of the residents of the are[...]1, built a $20,000 church at the corner of Welton and
Twenty-first.> The church was an ambitious undertaking, being constructed of brick
and stone, with Romanesque and Gothic influences and including a ninety-seven-foot
spire. One of St. Paul’s contributions to the city was its operation of a Chinese Sunday
School for[...]lt a brick
building at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Lawrence in 1885, while the German
Reformed Church built its house of worship at Twenty-third and Lawrence in 1874.7

®Twenty-third Avenue Presbyt[...]y, The Skyline Synod: Presbyterianism in Colorado and Utah
(Denver: Golden Bell Press), 85-86.[...]
[...]onstructed a
church at the corner of Twenty-fifth and California streets in 1887. The Unity Church
of G[...]an Church was located at the corner of California and Twenty-Second
in 1890.

The Transitional Period,[...]corridor to the north along East Fortieth Avenue and the siting
of smelters nearby

tended to lower the north’s value for high income residences, and helped
contain and establish the north central area of the city as a lower income
residential section...The low amenity of the rail swath down the city’s
center also forced the middle and upper classes up the hills to the east,
south and southeast. When viaducts were built, these classe[...]t.”

As fortunes were lost in the Panic of 1893 and thousands left the Mile High City, many
of the larger homes of the Five Points area[...]by employment opportunities in nearby
rail yards and industries. By the early twentieth century, this[...]itizens principally to portions of lower downtown and to the Five Points Neighborhood.
As those areas b[...]ulation of Denver had grown more
rapidly than the city’s population as a whole during the 1870s and 1880s, increasing from



®Templin, 148; and California Street Methodist Episcopal Church, "So[...]nuary 1890.

David R, Hill, Colorado Urbanization and Planning Context (Denver, Colorado:
State[...]
[...]s elected to the House of
Representatives in 1894 and served one term (See Figure 11). He was a lawyer and a
native of South Carolina. During his tenure in[...]hifting from the downtown along
Arapahoe, Curtis, and Lawrence, between Fifteenth and Twentieth, to the northeast,
centered around Five[...]cans were concentrated in an area south of
Welton and only a few lived in the eastern sections of Stout, Champa, and Curtis.”
‘The development of a black resident[...]30:

There are few cities without Negro sections, and few of these sections that
are not located within a stone’s throw of the city’s business district....For
it develops that in[...]on
approximately the first residence sites of the city. As the city grows and
the encroachments of business render the original[...]as owners or renters. The buildings become older and more
difficult to keep in repair; boarding houses and lodging places appear.
Exclusiveness is gone. Low[...]area.”

*'Portfolio of State Capitol, Officials and Members of the Tenth General Assembly
(Denver, Co[...]ro in American Civilization (New York: Henry Holt
and Company, 1930; reprint New York: Johnson R[...]
[...]re

SOURCE: Portfolio of State Capitol, Officials and
Members of Tenth General Assembly, 73.
37

Joseph D.D. Rivers, editor of the Colorado Statesman and a friend of Booker T.
Washington, used his newspa[...]rage blacks to come West to invest in real
estate and establish businesses. The commercial area of Five[...]agencies, saloons, pool halls,
doctors, dentists, and a branch of the American Woodmen Insurance Company.
Between 1900 and 1910, Denver’s African American population incr[...]population: Fourth Ward, 1,098; Fifth Ward, 904; and Ninth Ward, 806 (See Figure 12).
Whereas the African American population of the entire city was 2.5 percent in 1910, the
black proportion exceeded 12 percent in both the Fourth and Fifth Wards.

‘The Denver chapter of the Nation[...]t Clarence F. Holmes, Wesley Sinks, James Cooper, and
George Cross, who served as the first president from 1915 to 192525 The city’s two
black-owned newspapers, the Colorado Statesman and the Denver Star, promoted civil
rights and discussed minority issues. In 1916, the community[...]ns first arrived in Denver from Tennessee in 1918 and described the situation
for African Americans in the city

The street restaurants did not serve people of color and the hotels did not
accommodate them. And this was in spite of the fact that Colorado had
a[...]of employed Negro men were porters in
the stores and banks....In general, Negro women were employed as maids,
cooks, and laundresses in the homes of the wealthy.”

As streetcar suburbs flourished outside the city, blue collar workers moved into central
neighborh[...]e urban area. Their jobs, which were often casual and
temporary, required maximum mobility and access to all parts of the city. In addition,
they chose residential neighborhood[...]African Americans were employed by the railroads and
lived close to the railroad passenger yards where they worked as porters, cooks, and



Dorsett and McCarthy, 172.

%James A. Atkins, Human Re[...]
38

waiters.”

Business and Manufacturing Developments

The Five Points inter[...]890, Ezra A. Wolfe operated a grocery, E.A. Wolfe and Company, at 2962 Welton,
where he also resided. In 1902, Frank A. Wolf appears in the city directory as
proprietor of a grocery store in the same block, Wolf and Ellis. Wolf continued to
operate a grocery on Wel[...]n, with J.V.S. Lagasse serving as vice president, and E.T.
McElvain, secretary. A second store opened i[...]axter was originally a white-
owned establishment and took its name from owner Robert Y. Baxter. Baxter[...]a view of the Five Points
area in 1913, which the City of Denver described as a "rapidly growing business
section."

In addition to retail and service businesses, the Five Points Neighborhood[...]he century, located at the corner of Twenty-ninth and Welton streets in 1908.
When the company ceased o[...]Park Avenue West). In 1908, the

William C. Jones and Kenton Forrest, Denver: A Pictorial History from Frontier
Camp to Queen City of the Plains (Golden, Colo.: Colorado Railroad Museum, 1993),
255,

Denver City Directories, 1890-1920.

‘Denver City Directories, 1911-1963.

©!Rocky Mountain News, 18 June 1993, 16A and 22 November 1992, 16 and City of
Denver, 25 October 1913, 15.

\2Arthur[...]
[...]913
Looking Southwest Down Welton Street

SOURCE: City of Denver, 25 November 1913, 15.
[...]ch employed sixty-
five people in the manufacture and sale of all types of candies, from "penny candies[...]est of chocolate packages."

Organized in Central City in 1869 by Peter and William O. McFarlane, the W.O.
McFarlane Company[...]items as crushers, hoists, stamp mills, ore
cars, and mine pumps. Outgrowing its plant, the company mov[...]a group of buildings was erected at Thirty-third and Blake
streets. In 1910, the William A. Box Iron Works Company purchased the facility and
manufactured equipment and machinery for mining and sugar factories, including hoists,
lathes, boring mills, and gear-cutting equipment. In 1935, following Box’[...]dry Company was formed in 1905 by John T. Fitzell and Otto Herres.
Fitzell had been in the laundry busi[...]aundry constructed a new building at
Twenty-fifth and Curtis streets in 1910 when several smaller laund[...]The facility was expanded four times between 1916 and 1929 and
featured two artesian wells on the property and large water storage tanks in the
basement. By 193[...]loyed by the firm.!

The Deep Rock Artesian Water and Bottling Company has been a fixture in the Five
P[...]Kostitch, began
supplying Denver area businesses and homes with bottled artesian water from the well
at its Twenty-seventh and Welton streets location. After the elder Kostitch[...]of the Five
Points Neighborhood at Thirty-seventh and Wazee streets. Sam Christensen was
president of t[...]a steel-reinforced concrete building at Twentieth and Arapahoe streets.
Established in 1873, the firm manufactured clothing and employed three to four hundred



13Colorado Manufacturer and Consumer, April 1916.
1Hafen, 2:590-91 and 596.

2Colorado Manufacturer and Consumer, February 1931, 16.
'%6Colorado Manufacturer and Consumer, September 1931, 19.
40

people. Charles Bayly was company president.”

Public and Social Institutions
Children’s Hospital

In 189[...]mer open air clinic was established at Eighteenth and York, an
area now part of City Park. The clinic consisted of a collection of tent structures which
provided abundant fresh air and sunshine. Doctor Minnie C.T. Love and her staff of
nurses treated sick and disabled children at the facility without regard[...]n institution was supported
by Dr. Eleanor Lawney and Dr. Ethel V. Fraser. A Children’s Hospital Asso[...]aded by Mrs. Thomas Hayden, active society patron and charter member of the
Denver Woman's Club, was or[...]dalaide Reynolds Haldeman, Mrs. Scott B.
Anthony, and Mrs. Frederick Rockwell.”

The organization beg[...]0; a $5,000 contribution from Lawrence C. Phipps; and $1,000
from Senator Thomas M. Patterson. By 1909, the group had raised enough funds to
purchase and outfit a building at 2221 Downing which had previ[...]ony. Rooms were furnished by wealthy contributors and charitable
organizations. Oca Cushman would serve[...]al building at 1056 E. Nineteenth Avenue were



City of Denver, 17 May 1913, 6 and 15. The Bayly-Underhill building was being[...]
[...]ure 14).

Schools

As manufacturing, warehousing, and rail uses intensified along the northwestern frin[...]elementary schools built in the area in the 1880s and
1890s closed during the early twentieth century. Delgany School was closed in 1914 and
demolished in 1917. Similarly, Twenty-ninth Street School was abandoned in 1913 and
sold and razed in 1916." A new Twenty-Fourth Street School was constructed in 1919
at Twenty-fourth and Arapahoe Streets. The earlier school of the same[...]ee public bath house was constructed at Twentieth and Curtis streets. At
the time of its erection, many homes did not have running water and often lines of
waiting patrons would stretch down[...]indoor swimming pool, showers, tubs
for invalids, and sinks for doing home laundry. Blacks recall that[...]es of Five Points adjusted to the changing social
and political climate of the city and the neighborhood. Epworth United Methodist
Church[...]of Denver stretching between upper Larimer Street and Globeville, including
the stock yards. The area was known for its crime, liquor, gambling, and other illegal
activities, ‘The mission moved several times during its early days, and was supported by
the existing Epworth and Christ churches. In 1904, Denver Methodists decid[...]ver Post, 12 September 1965.

"Forrest, et al, 32 and 60.

'3Eorrest, et al, 32, 58, and 60; Rocky Mountain News, 23 January 1959; Denver[...]tment.

4Rocky Mountain News, 14 October 1993, 4A and Denver Post, 18 May 1994, 1F.
[...]worth Methodist Episcopal Church, at Thirty-first and
Walnut streets. The church, completed in 1905, provided clubs and educational classes
for youth and served hot meals to the poor.

When the Burlington Railway expanded its trackage, the church was displaced, and
moved to the corner of Thirty-first and Lawrence in 1915. In 1918, the church created
Goo[...]n 1931, a
gymnasium operated by the church opened and, during the Depression, the church’s
community[...]vities, a workshop, a library, scouting programs, and
children’s lunches. Thousands of hot lunches we[...]congregation erected its first
church at Eleventh and Kalamath. In 1902, the congregation purchased lots at the
corner of Twenty-second and Court Place, where they built a new red brick bui[...]native tongue while learning the
English language and American customs. The congregation helped many newcomers get
jobs and secure places to live.'”

In 1907, the Japanese Methodist Church was founded in Denver by a lay preacher and
his friends who gathered in a building at 2143 Ar[...]rtis in 1919
which became a combination parsonage and church. Services were held in the two front
rooms[...]k women’s clubs founded the
association in 1906 and acquired a house at 2357 Clarkson Street. The house became
a club facility and a place for working women to relax on thei[...]
[...]e members of the
association decided to establish and operate a low cost, interracial nursery for the
c[...]subsequently moved to East Twenty-
fourth Avenue and Clarkson Street until 1941-42, the Ex-Servicemen’s Club at Twenty-
sixth and Welton (1943-46), and 2711 Welton Street (1947-81). The club presently[...]L-shaped park.
A shelter house, comfort station, and water system were installed at the park in 1913.[...]before the turn of the
century, including Larimer and Thirty-second streets (1885) and Larimer and Twenty-
eighth streets (1886). The Homestead Bread semipros played at the ball field at Twenty-
third and Welton streets as early as 1902. The ball field, acquired by the cityand Highlights of
Wallace Simpson Post No. 29," Denve[...]ver Planning Office, Public Facilities
Inventory: City and County of Denver (Denver, Colorado: Denver Planning Office,
January 1980), 4; and Mark Foster, The Denver Bears: From Sandlots to S[...]Colorado: Pruett Publishing Company, 1983), 8-12 and 30.
[...]eds of thousands of blacks left high unemployment and poor
social conditions in the South for the hope of improved lives in the North and West.
Following World War J, further black migrat[...]tinued to occur,
creating "a political, economic, and cultural base for the development of the black
bourgeois" in many cities of the North and West.”

Historian Robert Goldberg judged that the black community in Denver was "numerically
small and barely expanding" during the 1920s. He found that[...]fined to the Five Points neighborhood by that era and concluded that tensions
arose when blacks fought the status quo. The city’s two black-owned newspapers, the
Colorado Statesman and the Denver Star, encouraged change by promoting civil rights
and discussing minority issues.

After World War I, D[...]g legal appeals to prevent segregation of housing and public facilities, In
the 1920s, ninety percent o[...]ation was concentrated in the eastern
Five Points and western Whittier neighborhoods. Those who attempted to move into
other areas faced threats and personal injury. Neighborhood improvement
associations advocated separate schools for blacks and segregated neighborhoods. The
associations encour[...]nts restricting the sale of their
homes to whites and barring sales to non-whites or Jews.’



The B[...]roject of the early 1920s had long-lasting social and
developmental impacts on the neighborhood. Origin[...]y
through the worst ‘blighted area’ in Denver and opened a direct route to

Daniel M. Johnson and Rex R. Campbell, Black Migration in America: A So[...]rth Carolina: Duke University Press, 1981), 71-75 and
83.

3Goldberg, 25.

Noel, Rocky Mountain[...]
[...]ast Approach to Broadway Viaduct
Featuring McPhee and McGinnity Building

SOURCE: Engle and Kelly.
45

one of the city’s largest industrial developments--the Denver U[...]ents speedily sprang up between
Nineteenth Street and the Broadway Viaduct, replacing ancient and
obsolete structures and restoring values to real estate."

In terms of so[...]living in the affected area between Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth streets were
displaced and pushed further east toward the Five Points inters[...]played a major role in the social history of the city.
‘The Denver Post announced on 8 July 1921 that[...]ng of the Anglo-Saxon civilization
of the country and protecting the homes and well being of the people.” The same issue
of th[...]ts was the dividing line between African
American and white residential areas.’ Blacks who attempted to cross this line and
buy or rent in areas to the east were met with vi[...]of Five Points), experienced two dynamite attacks
and a shooting episode in December 1926 and January 1927. A note warned Carrington:
"Nigger t[...]are not
wanted. You have ruined property. Get out and stay out or take the consequences.
They will be severe and merciless."

In response to the Klan’s activiti[...]. McKinney, L.H.
Lightner, Plat Lawton, Ira Lute, and Fritz Cansler. The local NAACP strengthened its[...]7phil Goodstein, "The Many Faces of Five Points," City Edition, 27 March-3 April
1985, 12 and Ira DeA. Reid, The Negro Population of Denver, Co[...]ion, 1929), 3.

28Denver Post, 8 July 1921, 1, 14 and Noel, Rocky Mountain Gold, 137.

Billie Arlene Grant, Ernestine Smith, and Gladys Smith, Growing Up Black in
Denver (Denver,[...]3.

™°Rocky Mountain News, 11 December 1926, 3 and Denver Post, 16 January 1927,
1
46

membership and opposed the efforts of the Klan to dominate the city. Members of the
NAACP fought discrimination in restaurants, theaters, hotels, and recreational facilities
and pursued cases in the courts. In June 1925, the NA[...]politan
Club founded by Dr. Clarence Holmes, Jr., and Jack Boyd was also active in the fight
to end seg[...]ced a mixture of
residential, business, railroad, and industrial development. When Denver was zoned in[...]ned industrial north of the alley between Larimer
and Walnut streets. South of Twenty-sixth Street, blo[...]or business, as was the Five Points intersection and corridors along Larimer Street,
Champa Street, Washington Street, and East Twenty-second Avenue. The northeastern
porti[...]ne might walk through the downtown section of
the city for hours and not see more than half a dozen dark faces." The w[...]frican Americans were concentrated in menial jobs and that
none were employed as public school teachers[...]n of the Negro population in a single
area of the city."

A 1929 study undertaken by Ira DeA. Reid of th[...]racial Commission documented the situation of the city’s African Americans
at the end of the 1920s. By[...]ents of Denver were confined by
custom, covenant, and coercion to a fairly concentrated residential are[...]in an area roughly bounded by Thirty-third Street and East Thirty-
third Avenue on the north, High Street on the east, East Twentieth Avenue on the
south, and Twentieth and Larimer streets on the west (See Figure 18).'”

The Urban League study examined economic and employment opportunities for Denver
African Americans and found that "the major problem facing the N[...]
[...]oints Neighborhood Zoning, 1925




SOURCE: City and County of Denver,
"Building Zone Map City and County of Denver"
(Denver, Colorado: City and County of Denver, February 1925).

LEGEND[...]
[...]er shop, followed by restaurants, billiard halls, and tailoring and cleaning
establishments. It was discovered that m[...]lishments had
been started since 1920. Physicians and surgeons, chiropodists, and embalmers
comprised the three largest groups of b[...]aking an active part in all efforts for the civic and social improvement of the race." The
1930 U.S. Ce[...]organization, which first had its office downtown and then in the
2100 block of Downing Street, just ea[...]positions as
bookkeepers, typists, stenographers, and clerks.

According to Tom Noel, Five Points suffe[...]remarked that "starting from Twenty-third Street and
traveling northeast on Welton, we have all the ne[...]rom ball park to shoeshine parlors to night clubs and cafes." Among the
efforts of the local community[...]he 1930s. By
1940, there were 7,836 blacks in the City and County of Denver, an increase of 632 (or
8&8 percent) since 1930. African Americans were the city’s largest racial minority group
but constituted[...]mall area data from the 1940
Census of Population and Housing provided quantitative evidence of the geo[...]ation. Block level data on race of

Reid, 35, 37, and 46.

Reid, 36 and Grant, 66.

85 Shelley Rhym, "Five Points,[...]
[...]Denver area looked to Five Points for recreation
and entertainment. Many African American families in the area provided lodging for
soldiers and airmen on leave, since hotels outside the neighborhood denied them
accommodations.

Other Ethnic and Racial Groups
Hispanics

Spanish surnamed familie[...]sive harvesting. The first workers were of German
and Russian stock, new to America. They soon assimilated into society with better
paying jobs and permanent homes. The second phase of workers was[...]mmigration restrictions kept their numbers small, and they too moved beyond the
nomadic harvesting life[...]s then began recruiting laborers in the
Southwest and in Mexico, Many Spanish Americans in the Southwes[...]tensions. The sugar companies promised good wages and housing and
payment for one-way travel to the beet fields."[...]es. Most field laborers had no off-season housing and moved to cities,
particularly Denver, for the col[...]grants congregated.
Housing was often substandard and health problems resulted due to inadequate
plumbing and unclean water. Family funds often ran out before the beet season began
in April, and families doubled up in already crowded dwellings.[...]justment Of the Spanish-Speaking People in Denver and Vicinity’ (MA thesis,
University of Denv[...]
[...]e Hispanic newcomers typically had large families and were often unable to purchase
a home. As early as 1929, the Visiting Nurses Association and City Charities had
reported on the growing number of p[...]According to the 1940 census, two-thirds of the city’s Hispanic population was
concentrated in five[...]per year, compared with an
overall median for the city of $1,250. Though living standards were improving[...]sidents, the discrepancy remained as long as more and more Mexican
immigrants continued to enter the cycle. Further statistics pointed to high infant
mortality and high juvenile delinquency rates among these new r[...]dies
recognized that this was due to poor housing and other factors attendant to a lack of
economic opp[...]moderate income housing, along with condemnation and rehabilitation
procedures for existing decayed ho[...]t uprooted
Japanese Americans from the West Coast and placed them in ten relocation centers in
the inte[...]r area.

Many Japanese lived between Twenty-first and Twenty-eighth Streets on the western
edge of Five[...]ts moved out of Five Points by the end of the war and

Rice, 115-6.

OL, Carmichael, "Housing In Denver," University of Denver Reports, Bureau of
Business and Social Research and the School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance
Series (Denver: University of Denver, 1941), 11, 14, 17.

Carmichael, 30-2.

™2Jones and Forrest, 256.
[...]he German
Congregational building at Twenty-fifth and California™ The California Street
church drew a mixture of inner city and rural families and was vital to the Japanese
community during World[...]on centers to take refuge in Colorado. The church and
its members welcomed and supported displaced families from the West Coast,[...]treet. Two years later, a terrace at Twenty-fifth and
California was converted into a fellowship hall f[...]tation access, resulting from opening up Broadway and creating
a viaduct linking its northern end to th[...]roadway Viaduct. The publication noted the McPhee and
McGinnity Building (later the Pittsburgh Plate Gl[...]1922), the Minehart-Traylor Paint Company (1923), and the Silver State Laundry Annex

‘West, 13; and Henry Okubo, videotaped oral history interview, 1[...]60s, the California Street church was
overcrowded and the congregation was looking for a new facility.[...]an Brotherhood" in which "whites, blacks, browns, and
yellows worshipped together.” The biling[...]
SL
(1923).14

The railroad and industrial areas along the northwestern edge of t[...]mportant in the 1920-45 period. The Thompson Pipe
and Steel Company, for example, located at Thirtieth and Larimer streets in 1921,
following a number of earlier business organizations and locations within the Five Points
area. The busine[...]ng Sheet Metal Works, which
moved to Twenty-third and Blake streets in 1888. William A. Weigele opened a similar
shop in 1892, bought the Young operation, and moved the consolidated plant to 2949
Larimer Stre[...]igele Riveted Steel Pipe Works. Lloyd
E. Thompson and associates bought the company in 1921. While the[...]the company included pipe for mining applications and smokestacks, the line later
expanded to include culverts, storage tanks, well casings, and irrigation equipment.”

One major development o[...]uilt jointly by the
Union Pacific Railway Company and the Growers Public Market Association. The latter[...]jacent area by erecting produce dealers buildings and a garage."

Prominent African Americans of Five P[...]Five Points commercial area attracted many of the city’s prominent African
American entrepreneurs and professionals. A few of the more prominent member[...]ng room. Holmes graduated from Manual High School and received bachelor’s and
dental surgeon degrees from Howard University. In[...]1915 creation of the Denver chapter of the NAACP and
established a dental practice in Denver in 1920. In Denver, Holmes and Jack Boyd



ipal Facts, October-November 1923, 3 and "Ball Park Historic
District.”

“Hagen[...]
[...]ver who joined him in fighting segregation in the
city. Together, members of both races entered theaters, restaurants, and hotels in order
to challenge discriminatory pract[...]e
holdings which he managed. He was active in the city’s civic life and was a member of
the 1947 Denver Charter Revision[...]er for thirty-three years, raised a large family, and accumulated
extensive property holdings in Whittier and Five Points. In spite of only completing six
year[...]tions by buying an old building in need of repair and
improving it by himself during his days off from[...]sins studied the work of
carpenters, bricklayers, and others in the construction industry in order to o[...]erials from
buildings which were being demolished and from used building material dealers.
Cousins taught his son and other young men in the neighborhood who worked on his
building projects construction and repair skills. Cousins was an acknowledged leader[...]n with the assistance of Mayor Benjamin Stapleton and started the Ex-service
Men’s Club. The establishment included a hotel, ballroom, pool hall, and recreation
center. The club became a focus of soc[...]ng the Depression,
Hooper gave away lamb, rabbit, and pigs foot stew to the poor and held Christmas
parties for poor children.'*"

“[...]70; Rocky Mountain
News, 19 January 1969; Leonard and Noel, 381.

1S0Norgren, "Whittier Neighborhood Survey,” 17 and Grant, 26-28.

'5tDorsett and McCarthy, 232.
[...]strict for fifty years. Lawson was born in Denver and
attended East High School, earning a degree in ph[...]initially worked for Western
Chemical Corporation and then worked as a clerk in the county assessor's office. In
1924, Lawson established a drug store, Maxwell and Lawson, in partnership with Hulett
‘A. Maxwell.[...]ts, serving on the
board of directors of the YMCA and the library commission. Lawson was also known
as[...]ican men, including George Brown,
Elvin Caldwell, and James Flanagan establish political careers. When[...]ina Ford. Dr. Justina Ford came to Denver in 1902 and became the first African
‘American woman doctor in Denver and Colorado and an important figure in the Five
Points Neighborho[...]ed from
Hering Medical College in Chicago in 1899 and briefly practiced medicine in Alabama.
She purchased a house at 2335 Arapahoe, which served as her home and office until her
death in 1952. Dr. Ford "general[...]among blacks, Mexicans,
Spanish, Greeks, Koreans, and Japanese. She estimated that only about fifteen p[...]Street, now houses the Black American West
Museum and Heritage Center.’



George Morrison. Internat[...]ison frequently
performed in the Five Points area and lived in the Whittier Neighborhood to the east
(S[...]rformed at regional mining camps with his brother
and also worked at a shoeshine stand and a fraternity house. He saved enough money
to buy a violin and began to take formal music lessons.

In 1911, Morrison married Willa May and moved to Denver. He joined Shorter A.M.E.
Church,[...]classical violin, worked as an elevator operator, and



12Denver Public Library, The Staff Lookout 25(June 1959); Rocky Mountain News,
7 July 1972; Denver City Directories, 1920-1963.

13Memorandum to Denver Planni[...]
Figure 21
Dr. Justina Ford

SOURCE: Leonard and Noel, 96.
[...]anized his big band,
which played light classical and jazz music. In the 1910s, Morrison’s popularity increased
and his band went to New York to record for Columbia[...]ch included a command performance before the
king and queen.

Returning to Denver, Morrison built a hom[...]led the Rockrest near Golden, which offered music and liquor.
Threats from the Ku Klux Klan eventually[...]toured the vaudeville circuit
in the West in 1924 and 1925. As Morrison’s touring diminished, he devoted himself to
his family and the African American community in Denver. He taug[...]eighborhood children who could not afford lessons and appeared at local schools.
Morrison also worked as a messenger at the Capitol and he was a salesman for twenty
years. His band cont[...]Street,
Washington Street, Twenty-seventh Street, and East Twenty-sixth Avenue. Welton Street
from Twen[...]munity by the mid-1920s. As in other parts of the city, the emergence of a small
business district which[...]n
served as role models for neighborhood children and their enterprises symbolized success
and stability. Often these local businessmen became leaders within the community and
were granted added status among their peers. Loca[...]istrict aided their
neighbors by extending credit and helped many survive and recover from hard times.
This aspect of the distr[...]Colorado Magazine (1986):2-14.
\S5Bodnar, Simon, and Weber, 81.
[...]had live variety entertainment as well as films, and billed itself as "The Pick
of the Pictures.” Do[...]s limited blacks to seating in the upper balcony, and
the Roxy was an important alternative.

The Rosso[...]ican, the Baxter Hotel came under
black ownership and was renamed the Rossonian, for owner H.W. Ross, in about 1929.
Ross was originally listed in city directories as a Pullman porter and janitor after coming
to Denver as a tubercular fr[...]obeson, Duke Ellington, the Harlem Globetrotters, and
Count Basie, who were denied accommodations in do[...]l businesses provided important social, cultural, and recreational
activities for the community. Ben Ho[...]e
hottest jazz spot in the West. Musicians, black and white, gather there until the wee
hours of the mo[...]l ideas." The Atlas Drug Store at Twenty-
seventh and Welton streets was a fixture in the neighborhood[...]blacks as the only white-owned drug store in the city
where they could sit and receive fountain service (See Figure 24).!7

An e[...]sements for the 1938-39 period
reveals the number and variety of small retail and service outlets serving the Denver
African Americ[...]located on Welton Street, with a few on Downing, and the
remainder scattered on other streets. Many of[...]nts grafted onto existing residences.
Restaurants and cafes appeared to be the most numerous advertiser[...]r), the Red Front Restaurant, the
Blue Front (Mr. and Mrs. Blanchard, proprietors), Mammy’s Shack (Harrison Coleman,
proprietor), and the New Orleans Creole Kitchen.

1SGrant, 46; Rocky Mountain News, 18 June 1993, 16A; and Denver City Directories,
1911-58 and Denver Householder Directories, 1924-49. Mary E, Baxter, widow of the
original builder of the hotel is listed in city directories for the 1932-37 period as
proprietor of the Rosso[...]prietor of Five Points Wallpaper
in 1935.

Denver City Directories, 1911-1963.
[...]ss Undertaking Company, the Cammel Home Mortuary, and the Granberry
Mortuary appeared. A number of beauty parlors were listed, as was the Da-Nite service
station and garage at 728 East Twenty-sixth Avenue. The Five[...]advised prospective customers that it was "Owned and Operated by
the Race.""*

Civic and Social Institutions and Facilities
Children’s Hospital

The Children’[...]rity of Denver's social leaders, especially
Harry and Agnes Tammen, in the 1920s and 1930s. Harry Tammen, co-founder and
publisher of the Denver Post, contributed $100,000 for the hospital in 1921 and, in 1924,
the Agnes Reid Tammen Wing opened. When[...]932, the Tammen
Hall School of Nurses was erected and in 1936, Merrill H. Hoyt designed an addition
with gymnasium and swimming pool. The addition was included in Archi[...]ed an isolation wing with gifts from Agnes Tammen and the Tammen Trust
Fund.

Fire Stations

The Denver[...]in a variety
of architectural styles in the 1920s and 1930s. Station No. 10 was completed in 1928 at
the corner of Thirty-second and Curtis streets. A new Fire Station No. 3 was cons[...]sbury,
who also designed Stations Numbers 11, 14, and 20, was the architect for the English
Cottage sty[...]4, noted that "the
new fire house at Twenty-fifth and Washington St. is equipped with the oldest fire engine
in the city, but the all-Negro team is a thing of prid[...]
[...]. They
changed the water there once a week, then, and the Negroes were not
allowed to use it until the[...]eek. Johnson decided we
needed a pool of our own, and offered to give $5,000 toward one, if we
would ra[...]inent
white political leaders as William E. Sweet and Lawrence C. Phipps contributed $5,000
each and the William N. Bowman architectural firm donated[...]completed at 2800 Glenarm Place in December
1924 and included a swimming pool, gymnasium, locker rooms, clubrooms, a branch of
the Denver Public Library, and dormitories. The building was used for athletic activities
and as a meeting place for various social and religious groups. The Glenarm Branch
had more than six hundred members in 1929 and was described by the Denver Post as
“the only community center for Negroes in Denver" and as the "town hall" of Five Points,
Blacks in Five[...]provide
for six thousand new elementary students and to replace outdated and unsafe schools.
At the same time, city planners hoped to incorporate City Beautiful aspects in the
creation of new faciliti[...]this process, the old Ebert School was abandoned
and a new school opened in September 1924. Noel and Norgren described the new
school, designed by Temple Buell, as a "Neoclassical gem."

161Jones and Forrest, 128.

"Denver Post, 20 October 1929, 11.[...], 10; Forrest, History of the Public Schools, 37;
and Noel and Norgen, 192.
[...]In 1906, Mrs. Reed
had established a day nursery and social center in the Five Points Neighborhood to[...]d by the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati in 1944 and
continues to operate.’

‘Churches

The original Shorter AME. Chapel at Twenty-third (Park Avenue West) and
Washington streets, constructed in 1888, was dest[...]s the New Shorter Chapel Community Church. Luther and William
Walton built the church. The new building was one of the larger churches in the city,
containing the third largest church auditorium i[...]m,
nursery, reading rooms, school rooms, a study, and a kitchen." On the eve of the
Great Depression, t[...]ng with generous benefactors including John Evans and
William E. Sweet, assisted with the retirement of[...]rch was
cited as a "beacon of light in all racial and church life from Chicago to the Pacific coast”
and "Shorter has been synonymous with Negro progress in Denver and the west.”

In 1940, the Twenty-third Avenue Pr[...]sold its
facility to the New Hope Baptist Church and the congregation merged with another
Presbyterian[...]tegration."

\4Noel, Colorado Catholicism, 111-12 and Noel and Norgren, 211.

1SShorter AM.E. Church, "Eighty-fi[...]y, The Skyline Synod: Presbyterianism in Colorado and Utah
(Denver: Golden Bell Press), 84-85.
[...]ldiers who
fought in World War II returned to the city expecting to find greater opportunity and
less discrimination, some restaurants, theaters, and employers still invoked restrictions
against blac[...]nter, the Yellow Cab Company, the public schools, and the Tramway
Company.'® African American resident[...]d each other
during the turmoil following the war and gathered at churches, social clubs, and in their
own homes for entertainment and community events.“ The NAACP and the
Committee on Racial Equality (CORE) fought di[...]to expand during the postwar
period. Between 1940 and 1990, a more than sevenfold increase in the numbe[...]the 1960s (an increase of 16,760 or 55.4 percent) and 1970s (12,241 or 26.0
percent). The 1980s saw the[...]egregation continued in Denver following the war, and, as Leonard and
Noel observed, "from residential segregation much else flowed." City Park and the
City Park Golf Course formed a wide barrier between African American and white
housing areas in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Many of the more affluent white
residents of Denver moved to suburban areas further from the city center to escape the
aging housing stock and infrastructure of the city.’ James Atkins, who had lived in
Denver before[...]during World War Il,
returned in the fall of 1948 and found restrictive racial covenants still in place[...]since the bombing [in the 1920s}.""

168] eonard and Noel, 373.

1Norgren, "Whittier Neighborhood Survey," 23.

1 eonard and Noel, 374.

'™ John Harris, "Whittier Neighborhood Analysis," 3.

"atkins, 271 and 273. See also Grant, "Jerome and Beverly Biffle," 12.
[...]e place. I
could look around the room some nights and couldn't see a black face in there.”
Harrington[...]dollars in the 1945-47 period enlarging
his hotel and constructing the Casino Ballroom. According to Rh[...]ing project in the Five Points area" between 1948 and 1968. One major
public construction project in th[...]new
Gilpin Elementary School in 1951 at Thirtieth and California streets."

Progress in civil rights in the city came in 1947, when Denver voters replaced aging
M[...]tablished a Mayor's Committee on
Human Relations, and announced a policy of non-discrimination in recreation facilities,
city government employment, and city services.

An study of recreational facilities in[...]ase in Spanish-surnamed residents in Five
Points, and an increase in the numbers of African Americans i[...]bers of Hispanics in the
western Five Points area and a shift to majority African American within Whitt[...]addition was designed by architects Henry Von Wyl and Charles Kellogg.
The school was expanded in 1958 and the following year was renamed Crofton, for Mary[...]on of one block,
the entire area between Arapahoe and Lawrence streets from Twenty-fifth to Thirty-
fou[...]to make way for the Curtis Park Homes (450 units) and the
Arapahoe Courts (76 homes). The seventy-seven[...]on the block bounded by Champa, Stout, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first streets.

"Grant, 47 and Rhym, 1AA.

™Denver Area Welfare Council, Inc. Recreation and Leisure Time Division, A
Study of Recreation in t[...]re Council, Inc., May 1948), 9.

"Forrest, 2, 58, and 60; Rocky Mountain News, 23 January 1959;[...]
[...]ns of economy in
maintenance. The rooms are large and well arranged...Careful consideration has been
given to proper lighting, ventilation, heating and safety." Later, another large public
housing area[...]el between Twenty-third
Street (Park Avenue West) and Washington Street.

In response to the national and local civil rights movement, Colorado strengthened its
antidiscrimination and fair housing laws in 1959 and 1965.!” By the mid-1960s, many
African American[...]tion of the Five Points
Neighborhood between 1940 and 1990, from 24,647 persons in 1940 to 8,065 in 199[...]a Rice began celebrating the date at his Tap Room and
Oven nightclub in Five Points. The popularity of[...]Lawson Park, named after Five Points businessman and political leader Oglesvie L.
"Sonny" Lawson, was dedicated by the city at Twenty-third and Welton in 1972."
Lawson Park, which features a baseball field, was the first city park to be named for an
African American leader.[...]Mestizo-Curtis Park in
recognition of the ethnic and racial diversity of the surrounding neighborhood.[...]ado: Denver Housing Authority, 1955).

171 eonard and Noel, 374.

18Harris, Whittier Neighborhood Analy[...]y Mountain News, 7 July 1972.

18'Denver Planning and Community Development, "Curtis Park Neighborhood Plan’
(Denver, Colorado: Denver Planning and Community Development, June 1987), 8.
[...]. The church benefitted from restoration projects and, in
1973, Sacred Heart held a conference on historic preservation and neighborhood
renewal. In 1979, Sacred Heart becam[...]eighborhood, including San Rafael, Glenarm Place, and Clements. In addition,
Historic Denver received a[...]o
rehabilitate the exteriors of homes in the 2600 and 2700 blocks of Stout Street. Historic
Denver also[...]stina Ford House was designated a Denver Landmark and renovated as the
Black American West Museum and Heritage Center. The museum displays artifacts and
photographs pertaining to Dr. Ford and African Americans in Colorado and the
West." Five Points Plaza, a $1.7 million reta[...]vated Five Points Media Center at
‘Twenty-ninth and Welton Streets now houses KBDI, a public televisi[...]the Denver Housing Authority on its upper floors and efforts are
underway to entice a jazz club to loc[...]oints business district, to a terminus at Downing and East Thirtieth Avenue. While
construction of the[...]e through neighborhood disrupted
local businesses and traffic access, many hope that the line wi[...]
[...]ementary School, 410 Park Avenue West. The timing and
location of the forum was selected in consultatio[...]t participants
present included R. Laurie Simmons and Nancy Widmann. Ellen Ittelson, senior
planner with the Office of Planning and Community Development, represented the City
and County of Denver.

‘The presentation described[...]neighborhood’s history
(using slides of current and historic photographs and maps), and discussed potential
Denver Landmark districts within the existing Curtis-Champa Streets (Curtis Park) and
San Rafael National Register historic districts.[...]erning the benefits of local landmark designation and the design review process.
Neighborhood residents received the presentation with enthusiasm and interest and
expressed support for district designations. Fron[...]ources with individual association members before and after the
presentation.
64
Vil. PROJECT RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Currently designated National Register properties and Denver Landmarks within the
Five Points Neighborh[...]the report. Results of the
reconnaissance survey and recommendations concerning potential Denver Landmarks
and historic districts are presented.

Previously Des[...]ts
between Park Avenue West (Twenty-third Street) and Downing Street; San Rafael,
5DV202, in the southeastern area of the area, from Washington to Downing streets and
East Twentieth to East Twenty-sixth avenues; Glenarm Place, 5DV1705, in the 2400
block of Glenarm Place; and Clements, SDV105, focused mainly on the block bounded
by Tremont Place, Glenarm Place, Twenty-first Street, and Twenty-second Street (See
Figure 26). The latter[...]ive resources are
listed on the National Register and as Denver Landmarks, while eleven are National
Register only and eleven are Denver Landmarks only (See Table 2). Among the extant
resources listed both locally and nationally are: St. Andrew's Memorial Chapel (201[...]; the Palmer-Ferrill House (2123 Downing Street); and the Gebbart
House (2253 Downing Street).

Five Po[...]hood encompasses some of Denver’s most historic and
architecturally significant housing stock. One of[...]ural styles popular during the early years of the city’s
history. These dwellings, which reflect working, middle, and upper middle class lifestyles,
display details of construction and design rarely found in other parts of the city. Within
the neighborhood are a variety of significant features, including the city’s first public
park, several churches of architectural and historical note, public and educational
buildings, small neighborhood commercial buildings, a larger business district, and an
industrial area. The neighborhood is al[...]
[...]DL#198 Public Bath/20th Street Gym

E 2rd Avenue and York NR St. Ignatius Loyola Church
933 E 24th Ave[...]R Elsner, John, House
2301 Blake Street NR McPhee and McGinnity Building
2363 Blake Street NR Pa[...]
[...]ury with the African American community of Denver and its social and
cultural institutions.

The Five Points neighborh[...]ts both the impact of the streetcar system on the city
and the influence of the nineteenth century ideal of owning a home away from the
perceived pollution and congestion of the city center. That the area’s developers wanted
their creation to be regarded as somehow different from the city proper is evidenced in
their gift to the city of its first public park. The park added an attractive and gracious
atmosphere to the surrounding residentia[...]smaller, carefully maintained
dwellings. When the city’s first streetcar route began operation in the[...]with dwellings in styles similar to those of the city center's
residences. As the expansion of the comm[...]e Five Points Neighborhood are significant to the city’s architectural heritage.

When the railroads arrived in Denver in 1870, the city suddenly had access to eastern
suppliers and their architectural ornaments and building materials. From the rather
plain, vernac[...]East, were quickly brought westward by architects and
builders seeking to profit from the building boom on the frontier and by new mail order
pattern books.

Among the most[...]nate style had become the most
popular in America and had found a place in the Colorado Territory. Many[...]cted in a
vertical, often asymmetrical, emphasis, and rich ornamentation. Homes constructed in
the Italianate style are generally two stories in height, and feature low pitched, hipped
roofs, widely overhanging eaves, and decorative brackets; some still retain roof cresting.
Large windows, with double-hung sashes and one-over-one lights are common, as were
elaborate window surrounds, usually arched or curved and composed of stone. Porches
are an important element of Italianate style homes in Five Points, and one-story porches
with slender, square supports w[...]de homes which feature cupolas or towers, quoins, and balconies.

The French Second Empire or Mansard s[...]yle was often employed for governmental buildings and schools in the United
States during the pe[...]
[...]he mansard roof, consisted of a steep lower slope and a gently
angled top portion. This type of roof is[...]style in the neighborhood include
projecting bays and towers extending from the roofline and windows with pedimented
or molded window crowns. Bracketed cornices and roof cresting are also present on
‘Second Empir[...]eighborhood are designed with Queen Anne
details, and many of the vernacular cottages display Queen Ann[...]amentation through a variety of shapes, patterns, and building
materials and included a vertical emphasis with steep gables and diverse angles. The
Queen Anne style was immensel[...]ntieth century, as it could be adapted to any lot and any price
range. Queen Anne characteristics found[...]verse, including the
combination of stone, brick, and wood board and shingles; varieties of decorative glass;
elaborat[...]naments; prominent porches with spindled supports and
decorative friezes; and many bays, towers, and wall projections. Even the smallest
cottage may have the decorative shingles and porch elements which reflect Queen Anne
influence[...]was less
ostentatious, with fewer towers, angles, and bays, less applied ornament, and often
included classical details.

Early twentiet[...]s as the Classic Cottage, Dutch Colonial Revival, and
Foursquare styles. These styles were a reaction to the excessive display of the earlier
architectural styles and had more pared down ornamentation, with fewer angles and less
complexity. The early twentieth century styl[...]ts are single family homes,
examples of early one and two-story terraces are found scattered throughout[...]gs. The terraces in Five Points respect the scale and residential nature of the
neighborhood by imitati[...]family dwellings in the area, such
as Queen Anne, and are today among the outstanding buildings of the[...]sidered one of the finer residential areas of
the city, several congregations having built buildings in[...]ier churches are tied to particular ethnic groups and
[...]finest early architects, such as Franklin
Kidder and Jackson and Rivinius. The religious facilities, including such buildings as the
Christ/Scott Methodist Church and the Thirteenth/Twenty-third Avenue Presbyterian
C[...]eighborhood’s most significant visual landmarks and have
historically functioned as centers for commu[...]es of the Five Points Neighborhood are its public and
educational buildings. The second Ebert School on[...]tate armory building still
stands at Twenty-sixth and Curtis streets, although obscured by stucco. Robe[...]lic Bath House is now used as a recreation center and draws thousands for
pickup basketball games and other forms of exercise. Denver Fire Stations Nos. 3 and
10, which date to 1931 and 1928, respectively, are also located within the neighborhood
and reflect the influence of changing technology and concepts of firefighting.

The commercial buildin[...]ints business district centered around the Welton and
‘Twenty-seventh streets intersection." Among th[...]l association with the African American community and with
Denver’s musical heritage. Other buildings[...]on of
commercial structures to meet current needs and from the expansion of businesses.
Other loss of h[...]gnificant preservation projects in the late 1970s and early 1980s, some areas have been
allowed to dete[...]buildings continue to be
renovated by homeowners and developers who are dedicated to making the area an
attractive and vibrant inner city neighborhood.



The present reconnaissance surv[...]ial structures north of the alley
between Larimer and Lawrence streets, particularly along Larimer and Market streets.
68
Results and Recommendations

The entire area of the neighborh[...]t reconnaissance
survey. At the recommendation of City staff, railroad, industrial, and commercial areas
lying west of Broadway and northwest of the alley between Larimer and Lawrence
streets were omitted from the survey, analysis, and photographic documentation phases
of the project.[...]rk
districts: Curtis-Champa Streets (Curtis Park) and San Rafael. Based upon the
reconnaissance survey,[...]Landmark designation. A new Five Points
Business and Commercial district was identified in the vicinit[...]treet, Twenty-
seventh Street, Washington Street, and East Twenty-sixth Avenue (See Figure 26).



Cu[...]ecommended for local designation under
historical and architectural criteria. The boundary of the propo[...]ngs on the
fringes to reflect changing conditions and current resource integrity.

The proposed Curtis[...]was
part of a predominantly middle class business and professional area and was Denver's
earliest streetcar suburb. The area[...]a Street horse car, which
began operating in 1871 and spurred development in the vicinity. The district[...]lic park, Curtis Park, donated by Frederick Ebert and Francis
Case in 1868. The area proposed for desig[...]ost prominent pioneer businessmen, professionals, and civic leaders including
Patrick P. Ford, Fritz Thies, J. Jay Joslin, and Isaac Gotthelf. During the twentieth
century, the[...]became significant as one of the area’s of the city where
segregation confined African American and Hispanic residents.

Architecturally, the[...]
[...]s of architecture in Denver, including Italianate and Second
Empire, as well as vernacular wood frame h[...]w examples of the earlier styles exist within the city today. Many of the houses
represent the period before the wealth from Colorado's mines impacted the city’s
architecture. The district reflects the mixture of substantial residences, small vernacular
dwellings, and multi-unit terraces, representing the integration[...]ecommended for local designation under
historical and architectural criteria. The boundary of the propo[...]on the eastern edge to exclude a modern building and a vacant lot
and the boundary was expanded south of East Twentieth[...]physicians affiliated with Children’s Hospital, and U.S.
Senator Charles J. Hughes. In regard to arch[...]cteristic of a Victorian residential neighborhood and
a variety of multi-family dwellings.

The distric[...]ainly brick
homes reflect a uniformity of setback and size. Included within the district are several
si[...]Calvary Baptist Church (1893) designed by Jackson and Rivinius, and the Scott
Methodist Church (1889) designed by Fra[...]k Goodnow, George W. Huntington, Franklin Kidder, and Balcomb and Rice.

Five Points Business District, The Five Po[...]Street, Washington Street, Twenty-seventh Street, and East
Twenty-sixth Avenue, was recommended for designation under historical and
geographical criteria. ‘The district includes b[...]ing Welton Street in the 2500
through 2700 blocks and extends to the alleys on either side of Welton. O[...]e odd side of the street,
buildings numbered 2545 and above are included, while all even numbered build[...]district served as the African-American
business and social district of the 1920s through the 1950s and represented the focus of
black community l[...]
70

concentration of black-owned business and social enterprises, particularly along Welton
Street, including service businesses, professional offices, and restaurants. Five Points was
the center of African-American entertainment and social activities, such as music, sports,
and community events. The potential district is associated with prominent members of
the black business and professional community in Denver, including dentist Clarence F.
Holmes, the father of integration and early president of the Colorado NAACP; musician
George Morrison, who often entertained at the Rossonian; and pool hall
owner /philanthropist Benjamin F. "Benn[...]Twenty-seventh Street, East Twenty-sixth Avenue, and
Washington Street, forming a five-pointed shape.[...]ng the area. Five Points constitutes a well-known and familiar
geographic area of the city. Some residents recall receiving mail addressed t[...]e Figure 27).
The district consisted of warehouse and commercial buildings along Larimer, Market,
and Blake streets from Twentieth to Twenty-sixth stre[...]d.

A 1983-84 survey of the Central Platte Valley and Downtown recommended an “urban
conservation dis[...]Five Points Neighborhood. The area of
warehouses and industrial facilities was roughly bounded by Twentieth Street, Fox Street,
andand that

Two Denver Landmark Historic District nomin[...]ere prepared as part
of this project: Curtis Park and San Rafzel. An individual application was[...]
[...]marks Five Points Neighborhood
Outside Designated and Nominated Districts



Street Address Historic N[...]orado National Bank



The area west of Broadway and northwest of the alley between Lawrence and Larimer streets was not examined.
In addit[...]
[...]Other recommendations

The individual resources and districts listed as eligible for Denver Landmark[...]ut historic
preservation should be offered by the city within the neighborhood to explain Denver's
preservation program and the landmarking process. Because the built environment in
Five Points is so important to the city’s architectural heritage, every effort should b[...]ood groups should be encouraged to participate in and respond to
preservation programs in the ar[...]
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